Individualism In The Yellow Wallpaper And Chopins The...

Tallulah Bankhead once said â€Å"Nobody can be exactly like me. Sometimes I even have trouble doing it.† Individualism being the habit or principle of being independent and self- reliant plays a key role in two fascinating pieces of literature with the two leading characters. Both Gilman the author of â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper and Chopin the author of The Awakening utilize various literary devices to develop their overall theme of showcasing individualism and the true meaning behind it. Initially, both authors use characterization to convey their overall theme. For instance, in The Awakening, the main character Edna Pontellier is described to be acknowledging her sexual desires, while also learning to express her desires in a†¦show more content†¦Jane finds the wallpaper to have a much more foul representation of the color yellow than a bright one. Chopin uses water to symbolize the freedom that Mrs. Pontellier thrives for. However, Gilman uses the yellow wallpaper to symbolize being trapped in your own mind and surroundings through traditional means of family and medicine. The usage of irony can also be found in both The Awakening and in The Yellow Wallpaper. Gilman uses dramatic irony to describe Jane and her thinking about the way the room is decorated. â€Å"It was nursery first and then playroom and gymnasium, I should judge; for the windows are barred for little children, and there are rings and things in the walls† (Gilman 2). Jane soon becomes fascinated with the wallpaper and closely starts to admire it while she can. Jane believes that the room was built as a nursery or play area for young children. On the other hand, Chopin uses the death of Edna to show irony. The Awakening focuses on Edna going on a journey to discover her true self, or rather the journey of an â€Å"awakening†. â€Å"She went on and on. She remembered the night she swam far out, and recalled the terror that seized her at the fear of being unable to regain the shore† (Chopin 110). Edna is seen to be finding love in Robert, but chooses to stay in her married life and take care of her kids as wells despite not being happy. Thus, she chooses to swim away or â€Å"drown† while having thoughts or fears of not making it back to shore haunt

COIN Compaigns Vietnam and Afghanistan - 1321 Words

COIN Campaigns: Vietnam and Afghanistan United States (U.S.) doctrine focuses its COIN methods on the ability to assist a host nation in building political legitimacy and creditability. Establishing political legitimacy is the foundation of COIN strategy enabling governments to create rapport with local leaders and gain the support of its communities while simultaneously eliminating an insurgency. Doctrine is subjective rather than prescriptive; however, failure to adhere to fundamental principles causes a good deal of contradiction on how to accomplish specific goals. Evidence provided in the COIN campaigns conducted in both Vietnam and Afghanistan showed flawed implementation of basic U.S. counterinsurgency doctrine. That doctrine includes the ability to establish a valid political strategy, securing the populace all with a host nation in the lead effort. While these two wars have many differences, they are similar in ways. Specifically, how the U.S. failed to follow basic practices of COIN, and how leveraging less ons learned are paramount to U.S. strategic initiatives. Political Strategy A premise of COIN doctrine calls for a long-term political strategy implementing legitimacy in government instilling effectiveness in the eyes of the governed. How can one build a successful COIN campaign by supporting weak surrogate leadership as the U.S. did in both Vietnam and Afghanistan? Ngo Dinh Diem of Vietnam and Hamid Karzai of Afghanistan are both examples of failed

Essay about Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto - 1353 Words

Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto Faith and Reason Communism can seem very desirable. â€Å"It argued a world without war, in which the meek and the disadvantaged would share without distinction, the anticipated material and spiritual abundance generated by advanced.†(Gregor 19) This seems as though it would be the ideal form of government but in reality it is far from that. I will tell you about three of the most powerful communist countries of the twentieth century. The countries that I am talking about are the Soviet Union, or Russia as it is called today, the Peoples Republic of China, and Cuba. Communism is a theory that states that society should own all property. There should be no private ownership†¦show more content†¦The entire economic status of the Soviet Union was now controlled by the government. Also, all private ownership ended. There were no exceptions. Along with this, a large industrialization program was started and the Soviet Military was being strengthened. The Soviet Union was now considered a â€Å"super power† and only the United States was more powerful. Then in 1953, after the death of Stalin, Nikita Khrushchev became the First Secretary of the Communist party. This was a very different time than that of Stalin. People were given a say in the government. A very small say but it was still a say. Also, the judicial branch of the government stopped their rampage against threats to the communist party and gave better chances for defendants to defend themselves. Khrushchev focused more on the individual, attempting to make food more available, making goods easier to come by, and providing more housing. Also, leadership was decentralized so that owners and managers had an easier time running their businesses. Soon after this he was kicked out of office for a couple of reasons. The first was due to a shortage of dairy and grain product. Also, there was extreme turmoil in the communist party at this time. The next leader of Soviet communism was Leonid Brezhnev. He took office in October of 1964. Under this new leader the government was centralized, again. During this time there was an unstableShow MoreRelated Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto Essay1731 Words   |  7 PagesKarl Marxs The Communist Manifesto The Communist Manifesto written by Karl Marx explains the history of all societies as the history of class conflicts, he claims that the power and direction of all societies is determined by the modes of production, as such when the mode of production no longer suits the relations of society there is a revolution. He predicts that a revolution is coming between the proletariat and the bourgeoisie, and calls its coming inevitable. Marx argues that the bourgeoisiesRead More The Revolution of 1848 and Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto1430 Words   |  6 PagesThe Revolution of 1848 and Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto There were two major things that happened in Europe in 1848. One of those things was the Revolution of 1848. The other was the publication of the Communist Manifesto, written by Karl Marx. The Revolution of 1848, and the Communist Manifesto tie into each other very well. The Revolution was calling for a change in society, and so was Marx through the writing of his Manifesto. The revolution was a foundation for changesRead More Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto and the Industrial Proletariat1413 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marxs Communist Manifesto and the Industrial Proletariat Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto was most appealing to and revolutionary for the industrial workers of 1848 (and those to come after that time). The call for unification of the proletariat and abolishment of the Bourgeoisie was an urgent one during a time of rapid progress in all aspects of industrial life. This urgency of The Communist Manifesto and the desire for change of political ideologies (to match the exponential rateRead MoreEssay about Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto1261 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marxs The Communist Manifesto The Communist Manifesto written by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels formulates the basic concepts of Communism. Faith and reason can be used to explain parts of this document. The Communist Manifesto has definite views dealing with faith, and along with this, religion. In the Manifesto, Marx states that religion is not needed in Communism because a society under Communism is classless. Marx uses reason to explain what will happen to society due to theRead More Proletariat vs. Bourgeoisie in Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto1065 Words   |  5 PagesProletariat vs. Bourgeoisie in Karl Marxs The Communist Manifesto In The Communist Manifesto, Karl Marx and Fredrick Engels attempt to explain the reasons for why there is class struggle and suggest how to prevent class separation. According to Marx there are two different types of social classes: the bourgeoisies and the proletarians. The bourgeoisie are capitalists who own the means of production and the proletarians are the working classes who are employed by the bourgeoisiesRead More The Effects of Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto on Human Values1423 Words   |  6 PagesThe Effects of Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto on Human Values What was it like living in the times before the Communist Manifesto was introduced to society? What kind of affect did this document have on the values of the average family? How did it influence the values of the individual? Sometimes these values where affected in a way that does not come directly from the release of the Manifesto but instead vicariously through other events brought on by the document. Overall, an interestingRead More Karl Marxs Communist Manifesto and Its Impact on Society Essay example1255 Words   |  6 PagesKarl Marxs The Communist Manifesto and Its Impact on Society According to the humanities based themes, autonomy and responsibility are defined as â€Å"the individual person has the ability to make choices; with those choices comes a responsibility for the consequences of those choices.† [i] This can be related to the Communist Manifesto, which was written by Karl Marx in the 1800’s. Even deeper though, it correlates the class struggles that were apparent in Europe in the eighteenthRead More Karl Marx and His Radical Views Essay1169 Words   |  5 PagesKarl Marx and His Radical Views Karl Marx[i] Karl Marx is among the most important and influential of all modern philosophers who expressed his ideas on humans in nature. According to the University of Dayton, â€Å"the human person is part of a larger history of life on this planet. Through technology humans have the power to have an immense effect on that life.†[ii] The people of his time found that the impact of the Industrial Revolution would further man’s success within thisRead MoreThe Great Philosophies From The 19th Century1386 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom the 19th century was Karl Marx. The German native born May 5 1818 was known for his works as not only a philosopher but an economist, journalist revolutionary socialist and sociologist. Marx’s different varieties of work influenced his understanding of society and and the economy during his time period. Once Marx got older, he moved to London England where he progressed his ideas and even collaborate with Friedrich Engels with whom he published numerous works. Marx’s most well known piece ofRead MoreAnimal Farm: a Compare and Contrast on Karl Marx Communist Manifesto1037 Words   |  5 PagesResearch the life of Karl Marx. What were the fundamentals of his Communist Manifesto and how do they compare to the ideas expressed by Old Major in Animal Farm. Animal Farm is a novella written by George Orwell in 1945. This particular story by George Orwell reflects on the events leading up to and during Stalin era in Russia. During the time he wrote, the work of Karl Marx’s Communist Manifesto was being followed by the Russian leaders, and some of Marx’s ideas can be found in

GAAP and IFRS free essay sample

There are differences that exist between the US GAAP and IFRS (International GAAP), nonetheless right now there is a convergence project existing between the FASB and the IASB, which issue these GAAPs in that order to narrow down the differences between the two. This is so that there are no misinterpretations when using either GAAPs. With that mentioned, the following differences exist between the US GAAP and IFRS (International GAAP). Inventory Measurement GAAP clarifies that inventory value is measured based on FIFO, LIFO and weighted average method, but IFRS does not allow the use of LIFO method. Recognition of Revenue from Services GAAP accepts the money as revenue when total services are provided and contract of services is completed, however if there is work pending under the service contract, then it cannot recognize the revenue from service. Nonetheless, IFRS allows the showing of the revenue even when some parts of services are pending. We will write a custom essay sample on GAAP and IFRS or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page â€Å"IFRS also use zero profit model in case if we can not be reasonably calculate the revenue† (Difference between GAAP and IFRS). Difference in Construction Contracts Revenue Recognition a) In GAAP: â€Å"We can show the % of completed work and recognise its revenue for showing in our financial statement† (Difference between GAAP and IFRS). b) In IFRS: â€Å"IFRS uses only revenue approach of % of completion method but it does not use the gross profit approach of % completion method† (Difference between GAAP and IFRS). â€Å"IFRS uses a single-step method for impairment write-downs rather than the two-step method used in U. S. GAAP, making write-downs more likely. IFRS has a different probability threshold and measurement objective for contingencies. IFRS does not permit curing debt covenant violations after year-end† (International Financial Reporting Standards).

Strategy Development Tools for Business Targets -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theStrategy Development Tools for Business Targets. Answer: Introduction One of the most significant things in any business, whether small or significant, is coming up with an achievable mission, vision and long-term goals and objectives. These goals and objectives as put forward by the business management are what keep the business moving on and soaring higher in the zeal to reach its targets. Often, these companies or business that set unrealistic goals and unachievable objectives usually fail in the long run and may suffer closure if the corrective actions are not taken as soon as possible. Strategic planning is precisely defined as the process of creating business objectives, goals and mission as well as creating and implementing strategies with the aim of fulfilling the mission and working towards the targets. To make strategic planning decisions, managers use a variety of tools and techniques which include and are not limited to PESTEL, 5F, PROFIT, SWOT, CIA among others(Lamas Leite, 2015). This paper will take a keen interest in the primary strategic development tools, how they are used and some practical examples. Critical strategic development tools and how they are used As mentioned earlier in this paper, strategy development aims at policy prescription with the view of reaching set goals, objectives and business targets. There are several strategic development tools that are used by managers to achieve their long-term goals. Some of these tools and their practical uses, as well as relevant concrete examples, are discussed below: SWOT analysis SWOT analysis is a tool used in strategic development that involves assessing the strengths, weaknesses of a business as well as the opportunities and threats that business face. SWOT analysis is one of the significant strategic development tools. In strategic development, managers make use of this toll to take advantage of the strengths of the business(Harris, 2015). Different businesses have varying strengths. For instance, a business may be the only legalized firm to carry out a particular business. In other cases, the business may be having a well-known brand and good public command as far as reputation and business image is concerned. In this case, the business managers out into account these strengths when developing business strategies for business goal achievement. These strengths may be utilized as competitive advantages that help the business to quickly outdo their opponents and reach their long-term goals with ease. Business managers also take a keen interest in the weaknesses of the business in question. Sometimes a business may have flaws such as poor business image as a result of crude customer relations, poor utilization of resources and factors of production among others(Niederwieser, 2015). In strategic development, managers try as much as possible to reduce these weaknesses or wise enough turn them into opportunities. In this case, business goals are reached more easily. Business opportunities are also imperative when it comes to strategic development. Managers have to research on the opportunities that a business has and use them as competitive advantages as well as making use of them to reach their set goals and objectives. Opportunities may range from having a command to particular natural resources to making use of government incentives and tax reductions among others(Paroutis, 2014). Well-researched the opportunities of any business yields success in the attainment of its goals. Exploring the possible threats also help managers so much in strategic planning. This knowledge helps them make informed decisions on what to do or not do to reach their goals. These threats include and are not limited to legal issues, the threat of depletion of certainly available reservoirs of raw materials or natural resources among others. Pestel This tool is another significant strategic development too that explores external influences that have an impact on market growth and expansion as well as decision making. This tool looks at the political, economic, social and technological factors and how they may affect decision making for strategic development(Giedrimas, 2016). The political element looks at the existing trading policies and international legislation that may affect the business. It also explores whether there is a likelihood of change in regulation and uses this knowledge to make an informed decision on how to reach business goals. The economic factor is also critical to strategic development. It looks as to whether there are any tax issues that may affect the business, explores the existing domestic economic status as well as whether the business market shares is impacted by globalization. This factor helps managers to make strategies conforming to the current economic situation. The social factor enables strategic developers to know whether consumer tastes and choices are changing towards the business commodities. It also helps them to understand the impacts of changing population on their products(Mkude, 2014). It also looks as to whether there is a change in customer purchasing habit of a particular product whether there are any social attitudes about the product. This knowledge helps them to come up with the best strategies. Technological factors also have a significant impact on strategic development. It enables planners to know the effect of growing technology and modern inventions in their business. It also helps them know whether their business is in a position to stand competition form competitors who use advanced technology(Bull, 2015). This knowledge enables them to explore new ideas on how they can take advantage of the rapidly growing technology to formulate right strategic policies. RBV Resources based view is yet another important strategy development tools. This tool emerged in the 1980s and 1990s, and it believes in the achievement of competitive advantage by the use of resources(Waas, 2014). It argues that look for competitive sources advantages within the company rather than looking for them in the competitive environment. This tool enables businesses to reach their highest organizational performance thereby outdoing their competitors. In strategy development perspective, this tool helps managers make informed decisions about how to reach the company goals using the available resources. Resources are very critical in any business, whether physical, technological or human(Bohari, 2016). In this case, the goals to be achieved are made in a way that the company resources are used as a competitive advantage. One of the practical examples where this tool has been used as a competitive strategy is the competition between Apple Inc. and Samsung electronics where Apple sells more than Samsung even though they are exposed to the same external environment(Armstrong, 2014). Apple out-competes Samsung because it has a big celebrated brand and it is in a position to make user-friendly items. This aspect indicates the use of internal resources as a competitive advantage even if the external resources are similar. Conclusion Strategy development is very crucial for any company. It helps the company continue moving towards reaching its goals. It is imperative, therefore, for managers and strategic planners to take a critical analysis and exploration of the vital strategy development tools to be in a position to come up with useful strategies that lead to goal achievement. Indisputably, if the above-discussed tools are appropriately considered in strategic development, companies will be in a position to out-compete their opponents and reach their long-term goals. References Armstrong, T. (2014). Marketing: an introduction. Pearson Education, 6 (9), 65-78. Bohari, A. (2016). The competitiveness of halal food industry in Malaysia: A SWOT-ICT analysis. Geografia-Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 3 (8), 47-55. Bull, J. (2015). Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats: A SWOT analysis of the ecosystem services framework. Ecosystem services, 4 (7), 45-76. Giedrimas, V. (2016). The evolution of automated component-based software development tools: From the structural synthesis of programs to behavioral types. In Information Science and Communications Technologies, 4 (8), 54-70. Harris, K. (2015). Practice-based professional development and self-regulated strategy development for Tier 2, at-risk writers in second grade. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 5 (2), 43-65. Lamas Leite, J. (2015). Using Analytic Hierarchy Process to Optimize PESTEL Scenario Analysis Tool in Huge Construction Projects. In Applied Mechanics and Materials, 4 (9), 34-56. Mkude, C. (2014). Studying Interdependencies of E-government Challenges in Tanzania along with a Pestel Analysis. Strategy Development, 6 (8), 65-77. Niederwieser, D. (2015). Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation activity worldwide in 2012 and a SWOT analysis of the Worldwide Network for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. SWOT analysis, 3 (8), 77-90. Paroutis, S. (2014). Visual interactions with strategy tools: producing strategic knowledge in workshops. British Journal of Management, 3 (7), 45-76. Waas, T. (2014). Sustainability assessment and indicators: Tools in a decision-making strategy for sustainable development. Sustainability, 4 (9), 32-50.

Leadership management in the hospitality industry

Summarize and explain the principles of the ‘scientific management of work’ (Taylor) approach. Are scientific management principles applied of any value in the contemporary hospitality industry? Provide examples After studying how workers performed their duties, Taylor realized that managers relied heavily on efforts put forth by workers to ensure that production progressed. This strategy did not work because, the high expectations that managers placed on their workers were often miscalculated. Taylor’s observation led him to develop four principles of scientific management.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership management in the hospitality industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The first principle he proposed was that management should adopt work methods that are based on scientific study of work done by workers. The second principle was that management should select their workers us ing scientific means and train them on how to work. The third principle was that management should then empower the trained workers to ensure that scientifically acquired methods are being applied in carrying out their duties. And the last principle was that management should cooperate with workers in sharing work whereby managers ought to use scientific principles in management to come up with tasks to be performed by workers (Halsall, 1998, p. 1). Using these principles, Taylor aimed at minimizing wastes by methods that were efficient in performing a given job. By studying motion in a workplace management, Taylor was able to determine how much time different tasks consumed thereby helping in task management to ensure that there was efficiency. This approach also ensured that there was job specialization whereby each person knew very well what his/her tasks were (Smith, n.d, 3). Today’s managers see Taylor’s approach as one that ignored the social motives of workers; it therefore, has acquired a bad reputation. However, this approach brought about major changes in management. It helped managers know their roles and how they affected the output of their workers. This impact has lasted for years and can still be seen in the way managers organize work in many current organizations. Job automation and standardization all own their beginnings from Taylor’s scientific principles; in fact, it has become a common work practice in many of the contemporary work settings. It brought about job specialization that has been very effective in the hospitality industry. The MacDonald’s Brothers have put the scientific management technique into use with great success. Tasks are divided with different people taking different tasks and this was found to reduce the overall time for production process. This increased efficiency because customers could receive their orders without much delay (Management, 2010, p. 1).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Is the understanding and management of diversity in hospitality organizations important? If so, then why? Critically discuss the relevance, or otherwise, of the work on ‘dimensions of cross-cultural differences’ by Geert Hofstede Understanding diversity in the hospitality industry helps management to ensure that primary differences within the workforce do not affect the way decisions are made. The fact that people have differences may not be changed, if the management use such differences to deny an individual a job opportunity, it will be taken as being discriminative, which is illegal and prosecutable in many countries. If management in the hospitality industry acknowledges that there are always some primary differences, then there will be creation of inclusivity which is very vital in managing diversity. Management that understands diversity will manage it well th ereby creating an environment where people value learning from others hence creating mutual respect and harmony among them (Leadership study, 2010, p. 12). When analyzing human culture, Hofstede stated that each culture encounters a series of questions whose answers can only be arrived at by applying a series of dimensions. He came up with five dimensions which may be unique to each society. The first dimension is individualism or collectivism; this is where people can see themselves as members of a group or just singly and on their own. He stressed that groups do not just happen, but they are natural such as the family or one’s clan, which individuals identify with not by choice, but as nature dictates. The second one was called the uncertainty avoidance; here is where people in some cultures prefer that everything in their life is spelled out to avoid being caught unawares. The third dimension is the power distance whereby hierarchy is inherent in human life with the rich a nd the poor clearly defined; however, some societies have wide gaps between both extremes (Milner et.al, 2009, p. 1). The fourth dimension is aggressiveness; here, the main issue is the gender gap whereby values held by women tend to be uniform across cultures. Women are usually gentle and always looking for consensus, values that are also shared by men in less aggressive cultures. Values for men are usually distinct; they are assertive, like competition, and always want to be ahead. The last dimension is the long term or short term orientation. Cultures with long term orientation value planning for the long term, thrift, and industriousness. Those with short term orientation live for the day; they are not concerned about the future. These dimensions are very important especially to those wishing to start business or study in new cultures. Although these dimensions have been criticized by those who feel that they are too static and weak, they still provide a proper framework for cro ss-cultural interaction (Jones, 2007, p. 5).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Leadership management in the hospitality industry specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Halsall, P. (1998).  The Principles of Scientific Management. Web. Jones, L. (2007).  Hofstede – Culturally questionable? Web. Leadership study. (2010). Leadership and management. University of South Australia: Australia. Management. (2010).  Frederick Taylor and Scientific Management. Web. Milner et.al. (2007). Hofstede’s Research on Cross-Cultural Work-Related Values: Implications for Consumer Behavior. Web. Smith, F.  Ã‚  Frederick Taylor’s Principles of Scientific Management and the Multiple Frames for Viewing Work Organizations Offered by Bolman Deal, Carlson, and Pfeffer. Web. This essay on Leadership management in the hospitality industry was written and submitted by user Brendan Q. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Personal Essay Sample on Health and Innovation

Personal Essay Sample on Health and InnovationPersonal essay sample on health and innovation is one of the best parts of a science writing course. This is because it will help you learn what it means to write a thesis and an essay, as well as how to develop an original argument, and how to use that argument in your own essay. It is also important to learn how to edit your own work before you submit it to a professor for an evaluation or to a journal. The writing sample will help you to know these things.There are a number of ways in which you can obtain a sample on the subject of health and innovation. For example, if you are a part of a creative writing class at a university, there are lots of student essays you can refer to, such as those on the nature of creativity, science writing, and others. If you attend a composition class, you might even find several samples to study. You can also search online for students' essays on this topic.A personal essay sample on health and innovati on is always an important part of a science writing course. This is because it will help you learn how to write an essay from first to last, from making sure that the content is clear, to balancing it with the structure of the essay. It will also help you learn how to avoid common mistakes, such as mixing strong opinions with well-researched information, or to make sure that your argument and conclusion are supported by some other evidence.There are plenty of good examples to choose from, but how do you choose the best ones? First, you should spend some time looking at what has been written on the topic. The most famous examples of health and innovation essays are usually by people like Emily Dickinson, William Wordsworth, T.S. Eliot, Mark Twain, and John Steinbeck. These are excellent examples because they are not only widely read, but because of the way in which they include lots of interesting facts about natural science and history in their essays.Also, look at how they word the ir ideas. What is the way they frame their ideas, and how do they present them? They also need to be well researched and well thought-out. Look for examples where the writing is interesting and informative without being opinionated or offensive.Once you have the basic structure of the essay, start to experiment with the style. Experiment with the style of the essay, but remember that it is essential to keep the style consistent throughout the entire essay. This is important because, when you submit your work to a university, or to a journal, it will be assessed in the same way.Some students feel that they do not have enough time to practice writing an essay because of school or their jobs. If you do not have the time to write a science essay, you can always get a sample. Use your imagination and create a personal essay sample on health and innovation that you can use in your own writing.